Sl.No. | Feature | Value | Area |
1 | Consonant Inventories | large (34) | Phonology |
2 | Vowel Quality Inventories | average (6) | Phonology |
3 | Consonant-Vowel Ratio | moderately high (5.8) | Phonology |
4 | Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives | In plosives alone | Phonology |
5 | Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems | None missing in /p t k b d g/ | Phonology |
6 | Uvular Consonants | None | Phonology |
7 | Glottalized Consonants | No glottalized consonants | Phonology |
8 | Lateral Consonants | /l/, no obstruent laterals | Phonology |
9 | The Velar Nasal | No initial velar nasal:/gʰuŋgʰi/ ‘snail’ | Phonology |
10 | Vowel Nasalization | Contrastive nasal vowels present (phonetic not phonemic) | Phonology |
11 | Front Rounded Vowels | none | Phonology |
12 | Syllable Structure | Moderately complex (cvvc) | Phonology |
13 | Absence of Common Consonants | All present | Phonology |
14 | Presence of Uncommon Consonants | None | Phonology |
15 | Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives | Exclusively concatenative | Morphology |
16 | Locus of Marking in the Clause | Dependent marking: /məhin-he i kam kərna cahi 'I should have done the work’ | Morphology |
17 | Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology | Strongly suffixing | Morphology |
18 | Reduplication | Full reduplication : /gʰəri gʰəri/ ‘again and again’ | Morphology |
19 | Case Syncretism | core: Dat-Acc /-he/ | Morphology |
20 | Number of Genders | Two: masculine and feminine | Nominal Categories |
21 | Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems | Sex-based | Nominal Categories |
22 | Systems of Gender Assignment | Semantic | Nominal Categories |
23 | Coding of Nominal Plurality | Plural suffix | Nominal Categories |
24 | Definite Articles | absent | Nominal Categories |
25 | Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns | No inclusive/exclusive | Nominal Categories |
26 | Number of Cases | 7 case categories | Nominal Categories |
27 | Position of Case Affixes | suffixes | Nominal Categories |
28 | Ordinal Numerals | First, two-th, three-th | Nominal Categories |
29 | Perfective/Imperfective Aspect | Grammatical marking | Verbal Categories |
30 | The Past Tense | Present, no remoteness distinctions | Verbal Categories |
31 | The Future Tense | Inflectional future exists | Verbal Categories |
32 | Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes | Inflectional future exists | Verbal Categories |
33 | The Prohibitive | Normal imperative + special negative | Verbal Categories |
34 | The Optative | Inflectional optative present : /bake ɟan deo (OPT)/ ‘Let him go’ | Verbal Categories |
35 | Order of Subject, Object and Verb | Subject-Object-Verb: /vo (S) cirəiɲ-ə̃k (O) mari (V) ‘he killed the bird’ | Word Order |
36 | Order of Subject and Verb | SV | Word Order |
37 | Order of Object and Verb | OV | Word Order |
38 | Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase | Postposition | Word Order |
39 | Order of Genitive and Noun | Genitive-Noun | Word Order |
40 | Order of Adjective and Noun | Adjective-Noun: /əccʰi (Adj) kahani/ ‘good story’ | Word Order |
41 | Order of Demonstrative and Noun | Demonstrative-Noun | Word Order |
42 | Order of Numeral and Noun | Numeral-Noun | Word Order |
43 | Order of Relative Clause and Noun | Relative ClauseO Noun phrase. | Word Order |
44 | Predicative Adjectives | Predicative adjectives have verbal encoding | word Order |
45 | Order of Degree Word and Adjective | Degree word-Adjective | Word Order |
46 | Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb | [Neg-V]: /ɟəepur nae ɟəbəija həẽ/ 'Wil not go to Jaipur' | word Order |
47 | Position of Negative Word With Respect to Subject, Object, and Verb | SONegV: /məe pəɖʰən nəe (NEG) ɟat hə̃u/ ‘I don’t go to study' | word Order |
48 | Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions | Mixed: /ɟa ka (Q) tir bəhinia həe ‘Is she your sister?’ , /ka (Q) u tumhər bəhinia həe/ “Is she your sister?’ | Word Order |
49 | Passive Constructions | Present: /bəmb se (PASS) mare gəe/ ‘Got killed by a bomb’ | Simple Clauses |
50 | Alignment of Verbal Person Marking | Accusative | Word Order |
51 | Negative Morphemes | Negative particle /-‘nae/ | Lexicon |