Sl.No. | Feature | Value | Area |
1 | Consonant Inventories | moderately large - 31 | Phonology |
2 | Vowel Quality Inventories | large- 9 | Phonology |
3 | Consonant-Vowel Ratio | average 3.4 | Phonology |
4 | Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives | In both plosives and fricatives | Phonology |
5 | Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems | None missing in /p t k b d g/ | Phonology |
6 | Uvular Consonants | absent | Phonology |
7 | Glottalized Consonants | absent | Phonology |
8 | Lateral Consonants | /l/, no obstruent laterals | Phonology |
9 | The Velar Nasal | No initial velar | Phonology |
10 | Vowel Nasalization | Contrast present | Phonology |
11 | Front Rounded Vowels | None | Phonology |
12 | Syllable Structure | moderately complex syllable structure v, vc, cv, cvc, cvcc, cvc-cv-cv | Phonology |
13 | Absence of Common Consonants | all present- bilabial, nasal, fricative | Phonology |
14 | Presence of Uncommon Consonants | none present | Phonology |
15 | Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives | Exclusively concatenative | Morphology |
16 | Locus of Marking in the Clause | Double marking | Morphology |
17 | Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases | Dependent marking | Morphology |
18 | Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology | Strongly suffixing | Morphology |
19 | Reduplication | Bothfull and partial reduplication: /a:sta a:sta/ 'slowly slowly' /chai vai/ 'tea etc' | Morphology |
20 | Case Syncretism | Non core: Dat-Gen /-e:/ | Morphology |
21 | Number of Genders | TwoMasculine. Feminine | Nominal Categories |
22 | Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems | Sex-based | Nominal Categories |
23 | Systems of Gender Assignment | Semantic and formal | Nominal Categories |
24 | Coding of Nominal Plurality | Plural suffix | Nominal Categories |
25 | Occurrence of Nominal Plurality | All nouns, always obligatory | Nominal Categories |
26 | Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns | Person-number stem | Nominal Categories |
27 | Indefinite article | Indefinite word same as 'one': /a:/ 'a' | Nominal Categories |
28 | Definite Articles | No definite or indefinite article | Nominal Categories |
29 | Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives | Two-way contrast : remote/ proximate: /ude:/ 'there' , /i:de:/ 'here' | Nominal Categories |
30 | Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns | No inclusive/exclusive | Nominal Categories |
31 | Indefinite Pronouns | Generic-noun-based | Nominal Categories |
32 | Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns | No gender distinctions | Nominal Categories |
33 | Number of Cases | six | Nominal Categories |
34 | Position of Case Affixes | Case suffixes | Nominal Categories |
35 | Ordinal Numerals | First, two-th, three-th | Nominal Categories |
36 | Numeral Classifiers | Optional: /ek: billi:/ 'one cat' , /do: baɖe: gəra:/ 'two big houses' | Nominal Categories |
37 | Perfective/Imperfective Aspect | Grammatical marking | Verbal Categories |
38 | The Past Tense | Present, no remoteness distinctions | Verbal Categories |
39 | The Future Tense | Inflectional future exists /dekho ge:/ 'See-fut' | Verbal Categories |
40 | Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes | Tense-aspect suffixes | Verbal Categories |
41 | The Prohibitive | Normal imperative + special negative | Verbal Categories |
42 | The Morphological Imperative | Second person number-neutral | verbal Categories |
43 | The Optative | Inflectional optative present: /gava: te:la: (INFL)/ 'fetch the cow' | Verbal Categories |
44 | Order of Subject, Object and Verb | SOV: /loɖa: (S) ba:la: (O) sa:th kheda: ana:(V)/ 'The boy is playing with the ball' | Word Order |
45 | Order of Subject and Verb | SV | Word Order |
46 | Order of Object and Verb | OV | Word Order |
47 | Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase | Postpositions | Word Order |
48 | Order of Genitive and Noun | Genitive-Noun: /ma:di: kətab: / 'My books' | Word Order |
49 | Order of Adjective and Noun | Adjective-Noun: /baɖa: gɛr/ 'big house' | Word Order |
50 | Order of Demonstrative and Noun | Demonstrative-Noun: /ja duva:r/ 'This house' | Word Order |
51 | Order of Numeral and Noun | Numeral-Noun: /i:k gɛ / 'One house' | Word Order |
52 | Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb | [Neg-V]: /nahi: dʒa:ta:/ 'don’t go' | Word order |
53 | Order of Relative Clause and Noun | Relative clause-Noun : /dʒis laɖke ne: toɖa: ha:/ 'The boy who has broken' | Word Order |
54 | Passive Constructions | Present | simple Clauses |
55 | Predicative Adjectives | Verbal encoding, / vo: a:dmi: moʈa: hɛ/ 'That man is fat' | Simple Clauses |
56 | Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions | Not initial interrogative phrase : /vo: ko:ni (Wh) a:ja:/ 'Who is he?' | Word Order |
57 | Indefinite Pronouns | mixed type, /koi : bi:/ 'anybody', /sa: re:/ 'everyone' | Nominal Categories |
58 | Alignment of Verbal Person Marking | Accusative | Word Order |
59 | Negative Morphemes | Negative particle /nahi:/ 'no' | Lexicon |