Sl.No. | Feature | Value | Area |
1 | Consonant Inventories | Average: 25 consonants | Phonology |
2 | Vowel Quality Inventories | Average: 6 vowels | Phonology |
3 | Consonant-Vowel Ratio | Average: 4.16 | Phonology |
4 | Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives | Voicing contrast in plosives only: p, b, t; k, g,d | Phonology |
5 | Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems | None missing from /p t k b d g/ | Phonology |
6 | Uvular Consonants | None | Phonology |
7 | Glottalized Consonants | None | Phonology |
8 | Lateral Consonants | /l/, no obstruent laterals | Phonology |
9 | Vowel Nasalization | Absent | Phonology |
10 | Velar Nasal | Velar nasal, no initially: /uŋ/ 'stone' | Phonology |
11 | Front Rounded Vowels | Absent | Phonology |
12 | Syllable structure | Moderately complex syllable structure: VC, CV, CCV, CVC, CCVC | Phonology |
13 | Tone | Simple tone system | Phonology |
14 | Common Consonants | All present: Nasals,bilabials, fricatives | Phonology |
15 | Uncommon Consonants | None | Phonology |
16 | Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives | Exclusively concatenative | Morphology |
17 | Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases | Dependent marking | Morphology |
18 | Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology | Inconsistent marking or other type | Morphology |
19 | Zero Marking of A and P Arguments | Non-zero marking | Morphology |
20 | Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology | Strongly suffixing | Morphology |
21 | Reduplication | Full Reduplication | Morphology |
22 | Case Syncretism | core and non-core cases | Morphology |
23 | Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking | syncretic | Morphology |
24 | Number of Genders | None | Nominal Categories |
25 | Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems | No gender | Nominal Categories |
26 | Systems of Gender Assignment | No gender system | Nominal Categories |
27 | Coding of Nominal Plurality | Plural suffix | Nominal Categories |
28 | Occurrence of Nominal Plurality | All nouns, obligatory | Nominal Categories |
29 | Indefinite Pronouns | Generic-noun-based indefinites | Nominal Categories |
30 | Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns | Person-number stem | Nominal Categories |
31 | Articles | No definite or indefinite article | Nominal Categories |
32 | Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns | No inclusive/exclusive | Nominal Categories |
33 | Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives | Two-way contrast: /dʰi/ 'this' /dʰe/ 'that' | Nominal Categories |
34 | Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns | No gender distinctions | Nominal Categories |
35 | Indefinite Pronouns | generic nouns | Nominal Categories |
36 | Number of Cases | 8 case categories: Nom /-Ø/, Acc /-r, Erg - dʒ/, Dat /-ər, -re, -r, -or/, Gen /-t/, Inst /-se, -tʃ,-dʒ/, Loc /-pər, -kəl/, Abl /-dodʒ/, -əmsa, /-dəb, -dʒ/ | Nominal Categories |
37 | Position of Case Affixes | Case suffixes | Nominal Categories |
38 | Perfective/Imperfective Aspect | Grammatical marking | Verbal Categories |
39 | Past Tense | Present, no remoteness distinctions | Verbal Categories |
40 | Perfect | Other perfect | Verbal Categories |
41 | Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes | Tense-aspect suffixes | Verbal Categories |
42 | The Prohibitive | Normal imperative + normal negative | Verbal Categories |
43 | Inflectional optative present | Inflectional optative present | Verbal Categories |
44 | Situational Possibility | Verbal constructions | Verbal Categories |
45 | Epistemic Possibility | Verbal constructions | Verbal Categories |
46 | Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality | Both direct and indirect evidentials | Verbal Categories |
47 | Coding of Evidentiality | Verbal affix or clitic | Verbal Categories |
48 | Order of Subject, Object and Verb | SOV: sita-Nom ori (good) keti-Obj (girl) hi (V) 'Sita is a good girl' | Word Order |
49 | Order of Subject and Verb | SV | Word Order |
50 | Order of Object and Verb | OV | Word Order |
51 | Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase | Postpositions | Word Order |
52 | Order of Adjective and Noun | No dominant order: /ori nʰam/ 'good village' /dʰə dao ləbu ja/ 'tree big' | Word Order |
53 | Order of Demonstrative and Noun | Demonstrative-Noun: /dʰi dʰijara/ 'this house' | Word Order |
54 | Order of Numeral and Noun | Numeral-Noun: bis mi-ʃɛ 'twenty people' | Word Order |
55 | Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb | NegV: /mʰə-dʒe/ 'Neg-eat' | Word Order |
56 | Preverbal Negative Morphemes | NegV | Word Order |
57 | Position of Negative Word With Respect to Subject, Object, and Verb | SONegV: sita-Nom ori (good) keti-Obj (girl) mʰə-hi (NegV) 'Sita is not a good girl' | Word Order |
58 | Postverbal Negative Morphemes | None | Word Order |
59 | Order of Relative Clause and Noun | Relative clause follows noun (NRel) | Word Order |
60 | Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions | Not initial interrogative phrase: ram-dʒə dʒəbɔŋ mʰə-dʒe (NegV) 'Ram has not eaten food' | Word Order |
61 | Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun | OV and AdjN | Word Order |
62 | Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase | OV and Postpositions | Word Order |
63 | Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases | Nominative - accusative (standard) | Simple Clauses |
64 | Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns | nominative–accusative | Simple Clauses |
65 | Alignment of Verbal Person Marking | Accusative | Simple Clauses |
66 | Negative morpheme | Negative affix: /-mʰa/ | Simple Clauses |
67 | Numeral Bases | Decimal | Lexicon |