Sl.No. | Feature | Value | Area |
1 | Consonant Inventories | Moderately large : 26 | Phonology |
2 | Vowel Quality Inventories | Large : 8 | Phonology |
3 | Consonant-Vowel Ratio | Average : 3.25 | Phonology |
4 | Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives | Plosive only: p, t, k; b, d, g /pola, bola/ 'Shoe, thumb' /kum, gum/‘pillow, how' /to,do/ 'have, here' | Phonology |
5 | Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems | None missig in /p t k b d g/ | Phonology |
6 | Uvular Consonants | none present | Phonology |
7 | Glottalized Consonants | absent | Phonology |
8 | Lateral Consonants | /l/, no obstruent laterals | Phonology |
9 | Vowel Nasalization | Contrastive nasal vowels present, hã ‘yes’ gõd ‘latex’ | Phonology |
10 | Velar Nasal | Velar nasal, also initially /ŋa, ŋasa/ '5, 50' | Phonology |
11 | Front Rounded Vowels | none | Phonology |
12 | Syllable structure | Moderately complex syllable structure, CCVC | Phonology |
13 | Tone | Present, /la/ 'hand' /lá/ 'moon' | Phonology |
14 | Fixed Stress Locations | No fixed stress | Phonology |
15 | Common Consonants | All present; bilabials, fricatives, nasals | Phonology |
16 | Presence of Uncommon Consonants | none persent | Phonology |
17 | Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives | Exclusively concatenative | Morphology |
18 | Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases | P is double-marked | Morphology |
19 | Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology | Inconsistent marking or other type | Morphology |
20 | Zero Marking of A and P Arguments | Zero-marking | Morphology |
21 | Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology | Weakly suffixing | Morphology |
22 | Reduplication | Full and partial reduplication, /tərso-tərso/ 'slowly-slowly', /cja-bja/ 'tea etc' | Morphology |
23 | Case Syncretism | non-core, Dat-Inst /-su/ | Morphology |
24 | Number of Genders | No grammatical gender | Nominal Categories |
25 | Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems | Sex based | Nominal Categories |
26 | Coding of Nominal Plurality | Plural suffix | Nominal Categories |
27 | Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns | Person-number stem, /gɛ-gɛni/ | Nominal Categories |
28 | Definite Articles | Demonstrative word used as definite article | Nominal Categories |
29 | Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns | No inclusive/exclusive opposition | Nominal Categories |
30 | Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives | Two-way contrast: remote, proximate- /ədo(this) bɛne le udo(that) ləŋ le/ 'this is a cow and that is an ox' | Nominal Categories |
31 | Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns | No politeness distinction | Nominal Categories |
32 | Indefinite Pronouns | Generic-noun-based | Nominal Categories |
33 | Number of Cases | 6-7 cases | Nominal Categories |
34 | Position of Case Affixes | Case suffixes | Nominal Categories |
35 | Ordinal Numerals | First, two-th, three-th, /tuktu/ 'first', /nexyu/ 'two-th' | Nominal Categories |
36 | Numeral Classifiers | Absent | Distributive Numerals |
37 | Perfective/Imperfective Aspect | Grammatical marking | Verbal Categories |
38 | Past Tense | Present, no remoteness distinctions | Verbal Categories |
39 | Future Tense | Inflectional future exists- /-əŋ/ | Verbal Categories |
40 | Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes | Tense-aspect suffixes /wo ləja nini/ he sleep-IMPF-3sg-be 'He is sleeping' | Verbal Categories |
41 | The Prohibitive | Normal imperative + normal negative, /tha ga/ 'don’t do' | Verbal Categories |
42 | The Optative | Inflectional optative present, /-lo/ | Verbal Categories |
43 | The Prohibitive | Normal imperative + normal negative | Verbal Categories |
44 | Coding of Evidentiality | not always marked | Verbal Categories |
45 | Order of Subject, Object and Verb | SOV, /ram(S) so gita(O) təŋso(V)/ 'Ram saw Gita' | Word Order |
46 | Order of Subject and Verb | SV | Word Order |
47 | Order of Object and Verb | OV | Word Order |
48 | Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase | Postpositions | Word Order |
49 | Order of Genitive and Noun | Genitive-Noun | Word Order |
50 | Order of Adjective and Noun | Adjective-Noun | Word Order |
51 | Order of Demonstrative and Noun | Demonstrative-Noun | Word Order |
52 | Order of Numeral and Noun | Numeral-Noun | Word Order |
53 | Order of Degree Word and Adjective | Degree word-Adjective | Word Order |
54 | Order of Relative Clause and Noun | Mixed | Word Order |
55 | Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun | OV and AdjN | Word Order |
56 | Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase | OV and Postpositions | Word Order |
57 | Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions | Interrogative phrases not obligatorily initial, /kha(Q) ji ram le/ 'Are you Ram?' , /ado kha(Q) le?/ 'What is this?' | Word Order |
58 | Order of Numeral and Noun | Numeral-Noun | Word Order |
59 | Negative Morphemes | Negative Preffix | Simple Clauses |
60 | Passive Constructions | Present, /kursi hjəŋjən so ki(Pass)-ccʰaso/ 'The chair was broken by children' | Simple Clauses |
61 | Relativization | Relativization on Subjects | Complex Sentences |
62 | Numeral Bases | Decimal | Lexicon |