Sl.No. | Feature | Value | Area |
1 | Consonant Inventories | Average (22) | Phonology |
2 | Vowel Quality Inventories | Large (7) | Phonology |
3 | Consonant-Vowel Ratio | Average (3.14) | Phonology |
4 | Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives | Voicing contrast in plosives alone (p, t, k; b, d, g) | Phonology |
5 | Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems | None missing in /p t k b d g/ | Phonology |
6 | Uvular Consonants | None | Phonology |
7 | Glottalized Consonants | No glottalized consonants | Phonology |
8 | Lateral Consonants | /l/, no obstruent laterals | Phonology |
9 | The Velar Nasal | No initial velar nasal | Phonology |
10 | Vowel Nasalization | Contrastive nasal vowels present | Phonology |
11 | Front Rounded Vowels | None | Phonology |
12 | Syllable Structure | moderately complex syllable structure (CVVC) | Phonology |
13 | Tone | Absent | Phonology |
14 | Absence of Common Consonants | All present (bilabial, fricative, nasal) | Phonology |
15 | Presence of Uncommon Consonants | None | Phonology |
16 | Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives | Exclusively concatenative | Morphology |
17 | Locus of Marking in the Clause | Double marking | Morphology |
18 | Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology | Strongly suffixing | Morphology |
19 | Reduplication | Full and partial reduplication: lubuʔ lubu’ ‘slowly slowly’ | Morphology |
20 | Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems | Sex-based | Morphology |
21 | Systems of Gender Assignment | Semantic and formal | Morphology |
22 | Coding of Nominal Plurality | Plural suffix | Morphology |
23 | Definite Articles | No definite, but indefinite article | Morphology |
24 | Position of Case Affixes | suffix | Nominal Categories |
25 | Number classifiers | Obligatory | Nominal Categories |
26 | Perfective/Imperfective Aspect | Grammatical marking | Verbal Categories |
27 | The Past Tense | Present, remoteness distinction | Verbal Categories |
28 | Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes | Tense-aspect suffixes | Verbal Categories |
29 | Order of Subject, Object and Verb | Subject+Object+Verb | Word Order |
30 | Order of Subject and Verb | SV | Word Order |
31 | Order of Object and Verb | OV | Word Order |
32 | Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase | Postpositions | Word Order |
33 | Order of Genitive and Noun | GenN: remo-nɑ kʊrɑ̃j kũj-bob̚ 'man's skull' | Word Order |
34 | Order of Adjective and Noun | Adjective-Noun: ʊjkɑljɑbɑj 'light complexion' | Word Order |
35 | Order of Demonstrative and Noun | Demonstrative-Noun: soɡoɖ ɡɑɾi 'bullock carat' | Word Order |
36 | Order of Numeral and Noun | Numeral-Noun : ɪmbɑ̃ŋ umpʰo 'two cloth' | Word Order |
37 | Order of Relative Clause and Noun | Relative clause-Noun : niŋ ɡitin sokɑː sob-o-ku-nuŋ 'the shirt that I bought' | Word Order |
38 | Negative Morphemes | Negative affix / ǝ rɑ /, /ǝ/ | Lexicon |
39 | Alignment of Verbal Person Marking | Accusative | Simple Clauses |
40 | Passive Constructions | Absent | Simple Clauses |
41 | Negative Morphemes | Negative affix | Simple Clauses |
42 | Polar Questions | Interrogative verb morphology | Simple Clauses |