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BONDO

Bondo (ISO Code - bfw) is a Munda language of the Austro-Asiatic language family. It is spoken in Odisha state in East India.

Source/ Investigator(s): K. Ramesh Kumar, V. Muralidhar, V.R.K. Sharma
 
Sl.No.FeatureValueArea
1Consonant InventoriesAverage (22)Phonology
2Vowel Quality InventoriesLarge (7)Phonology
3Consonant-Vowel RatioAverage (3.14)Phonology
4Voicing in Plosives and FricativesVoicing contrast in plosives alone (p, t, k; b, d, g)Phonology
5Voicing and Gaps in Plosive SystemsNone missing in /p t k b d g/Phonology
6Uvular ConsonantsNonePhonology
7Glottalized ConsonantsNo glottalized consonantsPhonology
8Lateral Consonants/l/, no obstruent lateralsPhonology
9The Velar NasalNo initial velar nasalPhonology
10Vowel NasalizationContrastive nasal vowels presentPhonology
11Front Rounded VowelsNonePhonology
12Syllable Structuremoderately complex syllable structure (CVVC)Phonology
13ToneAbsentPhonology
14Absence of Common ConsonantsAll present (bilabial, fricative, nasal)Phonology
15Presence of Uncommon ConsonantsNonePhonology
16Fusion of Selected Inflectional FormativesExclusively concatenativeMorphology
17Locus of Marking in the ClauseDouble markingMorphology
18Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional MorphologyStrongly suffixingMorphology
19ReduplicationFull and partial reduplication: lubuʔ lubu’ ‘slowly slowly’Morphology
20Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender SystemsSex-basedMorphology
21Systems of Gender AssignmentSemantic and formalMorphology
22Coding of Nominal PluralityPlural suffixMorphology
23Definite ArticlesNo definite, but indefinite articleMorphology
24Position of Case AffixessuffixNominal Categories
25Number classifiersObligatoryNominal Categories
26Perfective/Imperfective AspectGrammatical markingVerbal Categories
27The Past TensePresent, remoteness distinctionVerbal Categories
28Position of Tense-Aspect AffixesTense-aspect suffixesVerbal Categories
29Order of Subject, Object and VerbSubject+Object+VerbWord Order
30Order of Subject and VerbSVWord Order
31Order of Object and VerbOVWord Order
32Order of Adposition and Noun PhrasePostpositionsWord Order
33Order of Genitive and NounGenN: remo-nɑ kʊrɑ̃j kũj-bob̚ 'man's skull' Word Order
34Order of Adjective and NounAdjective-Noun: ʊjkɑljɑbɑj 'light complexion'Word Order
35Order of Demonstrative and NounDemonstrative-Noun: soɡoɖ ɡɑɾi 'bullock carat'Word Order
36Order of Numeral and NounNumeral-Noun : ɪmbɑ̃ŋ umpʰo 'two cloth'Word Order
37Order of Relative Clause and NounRelative clause-Noun : niŋ ɡitin sokɑː sob-o-ku-nuŋ 'the shirt that I bought'Word Order
38Negative MorphemesNegative affix / ǝ rɑ /, /ǝ/Lexicon
39Alignment of Verbal Person MarkingAccusativeSimple Clauses
40Passive ConstructionsAbsentSimple Clauses
41Negative MorphemesNegative affixSimple Clauses
42Polar Questions Interrogative verb morphology Simple Clauses

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