Sl.No. | Feature | Value | Area |
1 | Consonant Inventories | Average : 25 | Phonology |
2 | Vowel Quality Inventories | Average : 6 | Phonology |
3 | Consonant-Vowel Ratio | moderately high : 4.1 | Phonology |
4 | Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives | In plosives alone: p t k: b d g | Phonology |
5 | Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems | None missing in /p t k b d g/ | Phonology |
6 | Uvular Consonants | None | Phonology |
7 | Glottalized Consonants | Absent | Phonology |
8 | Lateral Consonants | /l/ only | Phonology |
9 | The Velar Nasal | No initial velar nasal /ŋ/: | Phonology |
10 | Vowel Nasalization | Contrastive nasal vowels present | Phonology |
11 | Front Rounded Vowels | High and mid : e o I u | Phonology |
12 | Syllable Structure | complex syllable structure: | Phonology |
13 | Tone | No tones | Phonology |
14 | Absence of Common Consonants | All present: bilabials, fricatives, nasals, lateral | Phonology |
15 | Presence of Uncommon Consonants | none present: clicks, Labial-velars, Pharyngeals, 'th' sound | Phonology |
16 | Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives | Exclusively concatenative | Morphology |
17 | Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives | Monoexponential case | Morphology |
18 | Exponence of Tense-Aspect-Mood Inflection | monoexponential TAM | Morphology |
19 | Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology | Suffixing | Morphology |
20 | Reduplication | Full reduplication: pud̪ukka pud̪ukka 'slowly slowly' | Morphology |
21 | Case Syncretism | Absent | Morphology |
22 | Number of Genders | Two: Masculine /-aan, -en/, Feminine /–I, -etti, -aaTTi, -cci, -eļ, –ooļ, -aatti/ | Nominal Categories |
23 | Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems | Sex-based | Nominal Categories |
24 | Systems of Gender Assignment | Semantic and formal assignment | Nominal Categories |
25 | Coding of Nominal Plurality | Plural suffix '-kaɭ' | Nominal Categories |
26 | Occurrence of Nominal Plurality | All nouns, always obligatory | Nominal Categories |
27 | Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns | No inclusive/exclusive opposition | Nominal Categories |
28 | Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives | Two-way contrast:/ id̪ə / ‘this’ / ad̪ə / ‘that’ | Nominal Categories |
29 | Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns | Gender distinctions in 3rd person singular only | Nominal Categories |
30 | Number of Cases | 7 cases: Nom /-ø/, Acc /-ne/, Dat /-kkə/, Gen /-uɭɭa, –Ø/, Inst /-əɖət̪t̪ə/, Abl /-ənʤə, -mot̪alə/, Loc /-t̪t̪ə, -il/ | Nominal Categories |
31 | Position of Case Affixes | Case suffixes | Nominal Categories |
32 | Perfective/Imperfective Aspect | Grammatical marking | Verbal Categories |
33 | The Past Tense | Present, no remoteness distinctions | Verbal Categories |
34 | The Future Tense | Inflectional future exists : /-um/ | Verbal Categories |
35 | Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes | Tense-aspect suffixes : /n̪a:n a: pakkinə kaɳʈə-kəɳə 'I have seen the bird ' | Verbal Categories |
36 | The Optative | Inflectional optative present : -aʈʈu | Verbal Categories |
37 | Order of Subject, Object and Verb | SOV: /n̪a:n(s) pakkinə (o) ka:ɳəke (V)/ ‘I see the bird ‘ | Word Order |
38 | Order of Subject and Verb | SV | Word Order |
39 | Order of Object and Verb | OV: /pullu (O) ma:Riʈə (V)/ ‘Remove the grass’ | Word Order |
40 | Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase | Postpositions | Word Order |
41 | Order of Genitive and Noun | GenN: /abaŋ-kuɭɭavi:ɖu/ ‘His house’ | Word Order |
42 | Order of Adjective and Noun | Adjective-Noun | Word Order |
43 | Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb | Vneg: /ukku puvagila/ 'don't go ' | Word Order |
44 | Position of Negative Word With Respect to Subject, Object, and Verb | SOVNeg: /n̪a:n isku:ɭ ukku puvag-ila (neg)/ 'I don't go to school' | Word Order |
45 | Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions | Not initial interrogative phrase: /n̪i:n pe:jar en̪t̪u (Q)/ What is your name? | word Order |
46 | Order of Demonstrative and Noun | Demonstrative-Noun: /id̪u (DEM) vi:ɖa:ɳu/ ‘This is a house’ | Word Order |
47 | Order of Relative Clause and Noun | Relative clause-Noun | Word Order |
48 | Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase | | Word Order |
49 | Negative Morphemes | Negative particle /-ila/ | Simple Clauses |